Readings on globalization, population dynamics, and environmental issues

For Tuesday's class, we will cover natural resources and globalization - two big topics. We could devote one entire course to globalization alone, for instance. At least we will try to cover the major topics as well as some fascinating case studies.

Read one or two articles on natural resources and one or two pieces on globalization

Natural resources: Water as a resource crisis

Water may be the next big source of environmental conflict. We will look at Central Asia as a case study where fresh water is needed for irrigation by downstream countries while it is being dammed by upstream states. See this article (optional) from Radio Free Europe for an examination of the issue.

The Aral Sea has been described as "the world's number one environmental disaster." The catastrophe was not caused by globalized markets but by short-sighted planning in the former Soviet Union.

Optional: Here is a great, short article by Dave Holley of the Los Angeles Times. Dave writes about how the northern half of the Aral Sea is beginning to recover, thanks to enlightened environmental policies and a World Bank loan.

Blood diamonds, minerals, etc. A huge topic. Here are a couple of great pieces...

Required: See "The Dirt in the New Machine"which appeared ten years ago in the New York Times Magazine. The Coltan issue is still a painful one, and mining this mineral--which is in your iPhone, iPad, iPod Touch, etc--has fueled the African Civil War, the largest war since World War II. It is sometimes called "The Coltan War." The issue is still relevant and largely unresolved.

Resource curses, democracy, etc.

Be sure to ask about "resource curses" in class. What are they? Look into Thomas Friedman's somewhat controversial assertion that there is a negative relationship between the price of oil and democratic development - at least in oil-producing, authoritarian or semi-authoritarian states.

Required: Go here for his famous article on "petropolitics." And see one of his graphs below. Don't take it too seriously; it's an illustration designed to encourage discussion. You may have to register with scribd to read the article.

Population

I will discuss population growth at some length in class. There's already too much to read (given our schedule of meeting every day), but you might want to familiarize yourself with Thomas Malthus, especially his theory of population growth, sometimes called the "Malthusian Catastrophe" or the "Malthusian Disaster," etc. Here is a pretty good Wikipedia article on the subject. (This is optional reading.)

Female infanticide and sex-selective abortions

This is a huge problem in much of the world, including India, China, Russia, and the Caucasus.

Here is a brief guide to the issues from the BBC.

Required (if you have time): See this recent piece on the mysterious "birth ratio imbalance" in Armenia.

Readings on globalization

We will talk about the so-called "race to the bottom," which includes the scramble for cheap labor and natural resources. This too, is part of the globalization trend where corporations (and other actors) go where they can to minimize costs and maximize profits.

Required: Please read Nick Kristof's "Two Cheers for Sweatshops" which is available here. It's an eye-opening essay.

Sandmonkey on President Mursi the "human being"

Insightful, funny and sad commentary on what Mohammed Mursi has gotten himself into brought to you by Sandmonkey.

Readings on terrorism

Sunday night reading assignment:

Optional and fun: For laughs, go here for a compelling argument that many terrorists are "nitwits": http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2010/07/the-case-for-calling-them-nitwits/8130/

In a more serious vein, try to get a sense of a theoretical approach to suicide terrorism by reading at least one interview with Robert Pape, of the University of Chicago.

Read one of the following two interviews with Bob Pape

Either this: Interview with Robert Pape here: http://www.amconmag.com/article/2005/jul/18/00017/

Or this: And here is another interview with Pape. Note his emphasis on democracies and why they make tempting targets for suicide bombers: http://globetrotter.berkeley.edu/people6/Pape/pape-con3.html

Recommended: For an altogether different approach to understanding terrorism, go to this interview with Brian Jenkins in 2006, many years after the publication of his most seminal work. 

Optional - this is a cool piece in Wired on the "next-gen terror watchers" and their "granular" approach to understanding and combating terrorism.


Optional - This isn't assigned reading, but it's a definitive contribution to our understanding of terrorism by the always insightful Brian Jenkins. The article, a long, scholarly piece, is "International Terrorism: the Other World War," published by the RAND Corporation. Save a copy of the pdf only if you can use it in the future. 

Here is another RAND paper, published in 2006. It's a realist-oriented study of terrorism and is a valuable insight into how political scientists look at terrorism as a rational strategy. Don't bother reading it now (it's 36 pages) but it might be of use if you continue to study the topic. 

Clash of Civilizations

On Monday and Tuesday, we will discuss Samuel Huntington's provocative 1993 article "Clash of Civilizations?"

Think about these issues when you read his main essay: What is his hypothesis? How does he support his argument? What evidence does he use? Do you agree with him, or are there flaws?

On Monday morning: Read in depth the booklet "Clash of Civilizations."

It is 67 pages, but I don't expect you to read all of it. You can skip the following essays:

- The essay by Liu Binyan
- The essay by Albert Weeks
- The essay by Gerrard Piel

Apart from the other articles in the book, make absolutely sure that you read the first article on pp 1 - 25 as well as Fouad Ajami's response entitled "The Summoning," which appears immediately after Huntington's main essay.

Then definitely read Ajami's reflection on the Huntington thesis written in 2008 in the New York Times here. How has Ajami's thinking evolved over the years? Why? What arguments does he present?

Also, if there is time in the first hour of class on Monday, we may ask you to read this short but devastating critique of Huntington by Edward Said - the late, erudite English literature scholar and social critic.

Optional: If time, skim the final essay (by Samuel Huntington) including pp 62 ("Got a Better Idea?") to the end of the book.

For Monday afternoon and on Tuesday, we will apply Huntington to current "inter-civilizational" conflicts. We will look at the war in Chechnya as well as the Nagorno-Karabakh struggle between Armenia and Azerbaijan. We will also talk about ethnic cleansing and genocide.

Turkey is one of Hungtington's favorite case studies, and we will discuss Turkey in detail on Tuesday.

Optional for Tuesday:

Read this short piece by the historian Niall Ferguson in Newsweek magazine, published in late June, and compare Ferguson's main point with Huntington's thesis as well as with Ajami's comments in the final paragraph of page 29.

Oh, one more thing: On  June 22, 2012, two American Muslims were sentenced to long prison terms for threatening to kill South Park creators Trey Parker and Matt Stone in retaliation for a South Park episode in which the prophet Muhammad was depicted in a zip-up bear suit. Remarkably, one of the defendants apologized to the court for "attempting to create a clash of civilizations." 

Op-Ed sources

You will write one Op-Ed. First draft due on Wednesday. Final draft due on Monday of the final week. I would like to see bibliographies, although real Op-Eds do not utilize them. You should use at least three legitimate (non-Wikipedia) sources. 

Op-Eds (Opinion Editorials) are guest editorials written by distinguished thinkers, former or present government officials, and other news makers. They are also written by columnists of distinction. For instance, the New York Times publishes Op-Eds not only by former government officials and Nobel prize winners, but also those written by a stable of reporters and columnists of note.

Here is a great resource for New York Times Op-Eds:

http://www.nytimes.com/pages/opinion/index.html

Scroll down to the lower right corner, where you will find a box labeled “OpEd Columnists.”

The best-known New York Times Op-Ed columnists are listed there. You can go to any of them and click on “Columns” for a new page with the latest Op-Eds by that columnist, along with a search menu for their previous Op-Eds. (For instance, you can click on “Columns” under Frank Rich, and then on the new page, you can enter “Iraq” in the search field. After you hit the “go” button, you will get all columns by Mr. Rich with the word “Iraq.”)

This is a gold mine that you should take advantage of.

I recommend Op-Ed columnists Thomas Friedman, Nicholas Kristof, Maureen Dowd, Frank Rich, and David Brooks.

One very respected Op-Ed columnist and analyst is Charles Krauthammer, a fascinating fellow who is a physician, but who spends most of his time writing about world affairs.

Go here for a list of some of his Op-Eds: 

http://www.townhall.com/columnists/charleskrauthammer/archive.shtml

More recent Krauthammer Op-Eds in the Washington Post are here: http://www.washingtonpost.com/charles-krauthammer/2011/02/24/ADJkW7B_page.html

Here is a very useful page of Op-Eds by faculty at the Kennedy School of Government: http://www.hks.harvard.edu/news-events/news/op-eds

Here is a resource for Thomas Friedman's columns: http://www.nytimes.com/top/opinion/editorialsandoped/oped/columnists/thomaslfriedman/index.htm

Here are some of his Pulitzer Prize-winning articles: http://www.nytimes.com/2002/04/08/nyregion/_08commentary.1.htm?ex=1162702800&en=123c4911cffd3e26&ei=5070

Also, here is "The Daily Op-Ed," a compendium of Op-Eds from US newspapers, updated every day.

Your Op-Ed can be written on just about any topic in international politics that interests you. It should be roughly 700 words – that is about two and a half pages, double spaced. Use the word counter on your word processing application. Easy.

Do not use footnotes in your Op-Ed. The Op-Ed style is not formal enough for that. It is the sort of article that should be both readable and well-argued. You can mention a source (and certainly mention evidence supporting your argument) in your Op-Ed, but tread lightly.

So you could do it something like this:

"Surely now is the time to end the mining of dilithium in Norway. Non-toxic, synthetic dilithium is widely used in Klingon and Romulan spacecraft, and according to the Federation Dilithium Study Group, continued mining of the mineral is not only unnecessary but will lead to genetic mutations of Norwegians for generations to come."

Notice how the author worked in the reference to the Federation Dilithium Study Group but did not do it in such a way that it was plodding or overly technical – nor was a footnote used.

Oh, this is why you should never use Wikipedia as a source for a paper:

http://www.usatoday.com/news/opinion/editorials/2005-11-29-wikipedia-edit_x.htm

The above is an article by journalist John Seigenthaler, who was defamed by false information published on Wikipedia.

Ironically, Wikipedia has an article of its own on the controversy: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Seigenthaler_Sr._Wikipedia_biography_controversy

Readings on ethnic clashes in Russia and elsewhere

Readings for Tuesday's class: After we get comfortable with Huntington's model, we will apply the Clash of Civilizations hypothesis to various conflicts around the world. One place where we see this is in Russia, where the government is fighting what Huntington would call a "civilizational war," but might just be a (less catastrophic) nationalist struggle. 

So take a look at one or two of the articles below that report on recent developments in Chechnya. We will also see the devastating film, "Greetings from Grozny."

When warlord Shamil Basayev was killed, the Russians (and many others in the region) breathed a sigh of relief. Here is an article by Chris Chivers at the New York Times, summarizing Basayev's life.

Here is another piece by Chivers on the Chechen premier, Ramzan Kadyrov.

Very optional: here is a recently published scholarly article on the aftermath of the war, asking if Moscow has won. It's 16 pages, and is very readable. 

And our TA Lauren will have some enlightening comments on ethnic clashes in Russia, where some Russians have targeted national minorities, a disturbing phenomenon. 

Op-Eds and presentation notes: what you should do with them

Just to make this as clear as possible: When you've finished your first and final drafts of your Op-Ed, please a) give me or Lauren a hard copy (stapled), and b) email me a copy. Use this address: karlrahder at yahoo dot com. Re your presentations: I need to see the narrative you wrote that guided your oral presentation in class. This should include at least three solid, serious, non-Wikipedia sources. 

For your Op-Eds, I don't want to see footnotes, but I do need a three or four source bibliography. Same as the presentation - solid, serious, non-Wikipedia sources.

UN gets ticked off in DRC!!

OMG! UN peacekeepers shoot back in the Dem. Rep. of Congo - finally!

Reading on Asia/Pacific

Read if time:

Robert Kaplan has written a new book, Monsoon, on this increasingly important region. Go here for the text-only version of an interview with Foreign Policy magazine.

We will discuss several states in the region, with an emphasis on ethnic groups, resource competition, and alliance formation.

The following are optional - read what you like if there is time:

China is a multi-ethnic state dominated by the Han ethnic group. Among the areas of tension are Xinjiang, home of the Uighur people, and Tibet. Here are two NY Times articles that shed light on current Tibetan attitudes. Go here for article one on Tibetans who are "fed up" with peace, and go here for a piece called "The Terrified Monks," both by Nick Kristof.

This piece on the BBC site looks at the Uighur question.

The ethnic angle is fascinating since SE Asia, for instance, is home to dozens of ethnicities and tribes. Here is the web site of the Kachin resistance group, which has been fighting a guerilla war for independence against the totalitarian Burmese government for many years.

Apart from North Korea, Burma is the most repressive regime in East Asia. Go here for an interview with Aung San Suu Kyi, the Nobel Prize winning human rights leader who has recently been elected to Parliament in a stunning concession by the ruling military junta.

Wikileaks Syrian cable site

Here is the main page for Syrian diplomatic cables. Navigate around to get used to how searches can be carried out. And go here for a narrative from Wikileaks on the cables and their meaning.

Remember, as of early July this huge reservoir of information is just a trickle. Watch the world's best newspapers for in-depth articles on particular aspects, but it's going to take a while for this process to really get into gear: 2.4 million cables is quite a lot of information, and the total size of the inventory will be 100 times greater than the US diplomatic cables released by Wikileaks earlier.

"Why Russia Supports Syria"

A no-nonsense analysis by a Russian political scientist - really hones in on the Realpolitik motives of Putin, here at the New York Times/International Herald Tribune.